POWER GRIDS IN THE US ISO
ISO New England (ISO-NE, which is an RTO despite its name).In 2009 there were four RTOs in the U.S.: The former operate within a single state, and the latter cover wider areas crossing state borders.
TSOs can be of two types: Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs). TSOs are obliged to provide nondiscriminatory transmission access to electricity generators and customers. The transmission grids are operated by transmission system operators (TSOs), not-for profit companies that are typically owned by the utilities in their respective service areas, where they coordinate, control and monitor the operation of the electrical power system. The Eastern, Western and Texas Interconnections are tied together at various points with DC interconnects allowing electrical power to be transmitted throughout the contiguous U.S., Canada and parts of Mexico. In addition, there are three minor power grids in North America: the Alaska Interconnection, the Texas Interconnection, and the Quebec Interconnection. There are two major wide area synchronous grids in North America: the Eastern Interconnection and the Western Interconnection. : 21 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 allowed incentives and loan guarantees for alternative energy production and to advance innovative technologies that avoided greenhouse emissions. Now, the three stages could be split among various companies in an effort to provide fair accessibility to high voltage transmission. No longer were electric utilities built as vertical monopolies, where generation, transmission and distribution were handled by a single company. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 required transmission line owners to allow electric generation companies open access to their network and led to a restructuring of how the electric industry operated in an effort to create competition in power generation. In 1975 the AC ties were disconnected, because DC ties were found to work more reliably. However, the AC ties did not have high capacity and were subject to oscillations, and so their connection proved unreliable. In 1934, with the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act (United States), electric utilities were recognized as public goods of importance and were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.įrom 1967, the East and West interconnections were directly connected together. In the United States in the 1920s, utilities formed joint operations to share peak load coverage and backup power. 3 North American Electric Reliability Corporation.
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